Environmental and Social Impact Assessment


Our Senior Advisors and Technical Experts have completed the following assignments:

Evaluation of the Global Environmental Fund (GEF) Activities (2007-2008)
Partnership International prepared an evaluation of all projects funded by GEF between the years of 1995 and 2007. Evaluated projects included GEF assistance to Madagascar's National Environmental Action Program (NEAP), medium-sized projects administered by UNDP with various NGO actors, as well as previous and developing small-grants schemes to assist private, NGO, and Government environmental projects. The projects focused primarily upon countries' protected areas and their peripheries, conflict resolution, and partnership development between mining and natural park developments.

Social Environmental Impact Assessment for the Tarring of National Road 44, Madagascar (2007)
Partnership International prepared an assessment for the World Bank and the Ministry of Transport and Public Works; the principal issues included the protection of soils and water, protecting sensitive habitats, populated areas, agricultural land, community services, health and security. The study included a description of physical, biological, and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures, and a environmental management plan. The study also addressed the development of many stone quarries used for the development of this 110km road.

Due Diligence and Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Study of Palm Oil Plantations, Benin (2007)
Partnership International conducted a review of existing plantations and their judicial status. This review was combined with a secondary phase, where initial evaluations of logistical and socio-environmental criteria (SEA) were assessed within a regional context for each plantation.

Coordination of Due Diligence and Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Study for Nexen Oil (2007)
Partnership International facilitated the coordination of an environmental review team, as well as technical, geological, legal, and financial teams from the oil company. The study included a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) scoping study and coordination and exchange of information between the specialist teams.

Socio-Environmental Study and Conflict Resolution Between COLAS’s Quarry Extraction and JIRAMA’s Hydro-electric Power-station, Madagascar (2006-2007)
The Partnership International team prepared an assessment for the World Bank and Ministry of Transport and Public Works; the principal issues included the protection of soils and erosion affecting water quality, waste management, dust control, and site health and security issues. The study included a description of physical, biological, and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures and management plan for COLAS’s quarry and works. Public consultation between all parties was imperative in this project.

Environmental Evaluation and Natural Resources Management for Agribusiness Market Development Studies, Madagascar (2007)
The Partnership International team prepared an assessment for the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)/USA and MCA/Madagascar, focusing on environmental analysis and evaluation linked to natural resources management. AQUATERRE works in close cooperation with agricultural market, business, and financial strategy experts. The objective was to forecast potential benefits and mitigate or negate potential conflicts of interest associated with agri-business development in six regions with a myriad of environmental constraints and advantages.

Environmental Guidelines for the Rehabilitation of Metallic Bridges (2005-2006)
Partnership International prepared an assessment for the European Union and Ministry of Transport and Public Works. The principal issues included the protection of soils and water, waste management, dust control, protecting sensitive habitats, populated areas, agricultural land, community services, health, security, and gender issues. The guidelines included mitigation measures and a management plan.

Socio-Environmental Study for the Rehabilitation of the National Road 5, Madagascar (2006)
The Partnership International team prepared an assessment for the European Union and Ministry of Transport and Public Works. The principal issues included the protection of soils and water, waste management, dust control, protecting sensitive habitats, populated areas, agricultural land, community services, health, and security. The study included a description of physical, biological, and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures and management plan.

Social and Environmental Impact Assessment for a Toliara Sands Mining Project, Madagascar (2006)
The Partnership International team facilitated the coordination of and provided technical inputs for the Scoping study and EA before the proposed development of a titanium oxide mine of international importance. The content of this study followed Malagasy and international directives and focused upon direct mining, the establishment of refining factories, and transport of raw and refined materials by road and boat. The site is located near the coast, north of Toliara in the south-west of the country. This study was elaborated with the Office National pour l’Environnement (ONE).

Socio-Environmental Study for the Rehabilitation of the National Road 12a, Madagascar (2006)
Partnership International conducted a study for the European Union and Ministry of Transport and Public Works. The principal issues included the protection of soils and water, waste management, dust control, protecting sensitive habitats, populated areas, agricultural land, community services, health, and security. The study included a description of physical, biological and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures and management plan. The road scheme was integrated with potential development of an aluminum mine by ALCAN/Rio Tinto.

Environmental Profile of Madagascar Associated with the European Community's 10th EDF (2006)
Partnership International's experts prepared an environmental profile for the country based on national socio-economic and biophysical information. The report presented the situation with maps and recommendations to assist the EC with its development interventions in Madagascar.

Socio-Environmental study for the Integrated Growth Poles Project, Madagascar (2006)
Partnership International conducted a socioenvironmental study regarding the extension and rehabilitation of the Nosy Be Port and Ankify Jetty, and Fort Dauphin’s Old Port (Tolagnaro) associated with Rio Tinto’s Mining Activities for the Ministry of Transport with funding from the World Bank. Issues included oceanographic characteristics, pollution, biodiversity of the marine environment, employment, local development, and the import and export of products. The study included a resettlement evaluation at Ankify Jetty with a description of physical, biological and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures and management plans. The study in Fort Dauphin addressed the used of port facilities associated with Rio Tinto’s Titanium Oxide mine development for the transport of equipment to the area.

Socio-Environmental Study for the Rehabilitation of the National Road 13, Madagascar (2005-2006)
Partnership International conducted a socioenvironmental impact assessment for the European Union and the Madagascar Ministry of Transport & Public Works regarding the rehabilitation of National Road 13. The principal issues included the protection of soils and water, waste management, dust control, protecting sensitive habitats, populated areas, agricultural land, community services, health and security. The study included a description of physical, biological and socio-economic issues, impacts analysis, developing mitigation measures and management plan. The road scheme was integrated with then-current development of an titanium oxide mine by Rio Tinto in Fort Dauphin.

Strategic Environmental Feasibility Study for a Hydro-electric Station, Madagascar (2004–2006)
E8 (G8 electricity companies) and EDM. The study focused on the physical, biological and socio-economic aspects of the project in relation to the generation of electricity with rural and regional development. AQUATERRE and several other companies worked together to appraise the project based upon environmental, technical and financial evaluations including CDM (carbon credits).

Development of a Regional Environmental Division for a National Infrastructure Development Program (2005)
Fonds d’Intervention pour le Développement (FID)/The World Bank. Responsibilities included: elaboration of a manuel of environmental procedures, the recruitment of 6 regional environmental officers, and a training program for FID. Manuel and training were provided to improve construction and rehabilitation of infrastructures e.g. rural roads and their quarries, schools, clinics, irrigation schemes and potable water points.

Action Plan for the Resettlement of Squatters on 12 Major Airports, Madagascar (2004)
IFC/ The World Bank/ Vice Prime Minister’s Office/ Department of Air Transport. This study addressed the resettlement and/or compensation for almost 12000 people squatting on 12 of Madagascar’s principal airports. These airports include Antananarivo (Ivato), Tamatave, Fianarantsoa, Toliara, Diego, Morondava, Mahajanga, Sambava, Mananjary, Fort Dauphin, Ile Ste. Marie, and Nosy Be. Partnership International's expert consultant served as Team Leader for the Resettlement Study and advised the Vice Prime Minister’s Office upon how to apply recommendations in the Action Plan.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a SMB/MMB Fuel Pipeline Project, Madagascar (2005)
The World Bank and Government of Madagascar. The EIA was conducted within the feasibility study, to comply with both Malagasy environmental regulations and international policies (World Bank, MARPOL convention). The project included offshore mooring for fuel tankers and a pipeline linking the mooring to inland fuel storage facilities. This project affected both marine and terrestrial environments within an estuary and an urban area. The study followed national and international guidelines focusing upon biological, physical, and socio-economic issues.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a Semi-industrial Sapphire Mine, Madagascar
The study included a baseline description, impact analysis, the development of mitigation and enhancement measures supported by an environmental management and monitoring plan. The study focused upon the physical, biological, and socio-economic aspects within the context of the mine and its association with local rural development of isolated areas.

Economic and Social Study to Develop Agricultural, Natural Resource Management, and Health and Nutrition Indicators for USAID’s DAP II Program, Madagascar
USAID/CARE/CRS/ADRA. Partnership International's expert consultant served as the team leader for this economic and social study. The principal objective of the study was to acquire indicators from approximately 2400 households across the country who are supported by the NGOs: CARE, ADRA and CRS, and to establish scenarios based on these indictors for year “zero”. This study assisted the development of the NGO programs, and was repeated 5 years later to assess the impact of the DAP II program upon its beneficiaries throughout Madagascar.

Environmental Assessment for Potential Dredging, Rehabilitation, and Extension/Landfill of the Main Ports of Mahajanga and Toliara, Madagascar (2003-2004)
The World Bank and Ministries of Transport, Meteorology, and Public Works. Partnership International's expert consultant was responsible for the direction and economic aspects of the study for the potential dredging, rehabilitation and extension/landfill of the ports of Mahajanga and Toliara. The work included baseline studies, impact analysis, mitigation measures, and the development of an environmental action plan incorporating incident risk analysis and an emergency plan. Specific aspects of the work addressed physical including toxicological, biological, and socio-economic issues. The study focused primarily upon the rehabilitation and extension of the ports which includes landfill and potential dredging requiring sediment transfer and current studies. In addition, this study examined the relationship between the development of the port and its environs in the future. The studies evaluated the extent of socio-environmental impacts on quarry sites from construction needs.

Strategic Environmental Assessment Development for the Environmental Unit, Madagascar (2003-2004)
Vice Prime Minister’s Office including Ministries of Transport, Meteorology, and Public Works in Madagascar. The World Bank and Ministries of Transport, Meteorology, and Public Works. Partnership International's expert consultant directed a team of experts to provide technical assistance to the environmental units which are responsible for strategic environmental assessment development relating to transport and public works policy developments throughout Madagascar. This support analyzed economic activities corresponding to terrestrial, maritime, waterway, and air transport developments and their impact upon the environment. Organizational assistance enforced capacities in the following disciplines: judiciary, technical, financial, budgeting, communications, and public relations. Meanwhile, technical assistance supported procedural and regulatory measures and the elaboration of performance indicators.

Environmental Impact Assessment for the Dredging of the Port of Manakara, Madagascar (2002-2003)
USAID/LDI, The World Bank and Ministries of Transport and Meteorology, and Public Works. Partnership International's expert consultant was responsible for the direction and economic aspects of the study for the dredging of the port of Manakara. The work included baseline studies, impact analysis, mitigation measures and the development of an environmental action plan incorporating incident risk analysis and an emergency plan. Specific aspects of the work addressed physical including toxicological, biological, and socio-economic issues. The study focused primarily upon the rehabilitation of the port’s access channel, but also assessed its relationship to the development of the port and environs in the future.

Truths and Myths in Watershed and River Management: The Effect of Deforestation of the Uplands on Rice Productivity in the Lowlands
Tropical forests are disappearing at an increasing rate in Madagascar. The high deforestation rates are of great concern as the benefits of natural forests are estimated to be multiple. However, the actual economic benefits of forest are often not well understood. The main focus of this study was to estimate the benefits of upland forests with respect to lowland rice productivity, as deforestation has been surmised to lead to increased erosion and sedimentation in lowland rice fields. Primary data was collected from farmers using natural forest and neighboring rice fields in north-east Madagascar. The study confirmed that natural forest conservation has higher values accruing from foreign interest in biodiversity, whilst the value of forest for local watershed management is not a major issue. Published by Cornell University - USA, INSTAT, & FOFIFA under the auspices of the ILO program ‘Improved Economic Analysis for Decision-Making in Madagascar’ supported by USAID, Madagascar.

Impact of the Political Crisis on Security, Madagascar
Research focusing on the impact of the political crisis in Madagascar between January and June 2002. This economic study compared economic statistics from June 2001 with June 2002 to evaluate the effects of the political crisis upon principally rural communities. The economic analysis highlighted the impacts of economic insecurity. The extent of cattle and crop thefts in correlation with the extent of poverty and provision of security services for three provinces was investigated. Published by Cornell University - USA, INSTAT, & FOFIFA under the auspices of the ILO program ‘Improved Economic Analysis for Decision-Making in Madagascar’ supported by USAID, Madagascar.

Environmental Assessment for the Rehabilitation of National Maritime Signals, Madagascar (2002-2003)
(Direction Lights, Buoys, and Lighthouses) The World Bank and Ministries of Transport and Meteorology, and Public Works. Partnership International's expert served as one of two principal consultants advising the maritime engineers. The objective was to evaluate environmental impacts of maritime signal rehabilitation works upon the existing environment with measures to mitigate, limit or compensate for any adverse effects. In addition, the consultant provided advisory services concerning alternative energy devises (solar etc.), and an impact evaluation and mitigation measures to account for the proposed demolition and disposal of existing and/or defunct structures.

Environmental Assessment for the Rehabilitation of National Route 6, Madagascar (2002)
WWF, European Union, and Ministries of Transport and Meteorology, and Public Works. Partnership International's expert consultant was responsible for the direction and economic aspects of the study for 122km of road and its environs located upon principally unstable acid soils. The work included baseline studies, impact analysis, mitigation measures and the development of an environmental action plan. All aspects of the work addressed physical, biological and socio-economic issues within the context of the road and relationships for the development of the region in the future. Many quarry sites were evaluated in the environmental assessment as activities a this sites had to comply with environmental legislation.

Environmental Assessment for Coastal Zone Protection in Morondava, Madagascar (2001)
Ministry of Transport and The World Bank. Partnership International's expert consultant was responsible for the direction and economic aspects of this preliminary EA focusing on work related to coastal defense at Morondava focused upon potential landfill and stabilization measures for the coastline. The study included baseline evaluation, analysis of potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures. This preliminary EA study was integrated with an engineering feasibility study managed by the French Company SOGREAH.

Environmental Assessment for Coastal Zone Protection in Toamasina, Madagascar (2001)
Ministry of Transport and The World Bank. The consultant was responsible for the direction and economic aspects of the preliminary EA focusing on work related to coastal defense at Toamasina, which focused upon landfill and stabilization measures for the coastline. The study included a baseline evaluation, analysis of potential impacts, and proposed mitigation measures. This preliminary EA study was integrated with an engineering feasibility study managed by the French Company BCEOM.

Environmental Assessment for an Offshore Coastal Seismic Survey for Hydrocarbons, Madagascar (2001)
Vanco Energy Company (USA). The consultant provided environmental technical assistance with an emphasis upon economic issues, as well as public notification support to Vanco Energy Co. The procedure was based upon legal requirements in Madagascar for the completion of an EA for this coastal seismic surveying. The site is situated on the NW coast of Madagascar and Mozambique Channel.

Environmental Assessment for the Rehabilitation of National Route 1, Madagascar (2001)
Antananarivo capital of madagascar. Ministry of Transport, & Agence Française de Développement (AFD). The consultant was responsible for the preliminary EA studies relating to rehabilitation work for the road between the urban districts of Anosy and Ansijato in Antananarivo. The study included a baseline evaluation, analysis of potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures with an emphasis upon social and economic issues for the residential and commercial interests. This preliminary EA study was integrated with an engineering feasibility study managed by an international French engineering company.

Socio-Economic Evaluation of the Crayfish Industry, Madagascar (2001)
International Financing Corporation (IFC)/ The World Bank & the private sector. The work encompassed an evaluation of crayfish harvesting in the south-east of Madagascar associated with the redevelopment of a crayfish processing factory based in Fort Dauphin. The study focused on the impact of sustainable and economic exploitation of wild crayfish on 500km of coastline. Principal issues included economic considerations for the crayfish stocks, the impact of demand and self-regulation by the industry and the overall social and economic impacts upon dependent fishing communities.

ILO Conference Addressing Creation and Development of Small-Scale Commercial Agricultural Enterprises in the Indian Ocean (2001)
International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva & CTA. The consultant was a key speaker outlining the importance of environmental management procedures in the development of agricultural enterprises in the Indian Ocean region and obligations related to national and international legislation and norms.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Integrated Development Plans for Cashew Production, Madagascar (2000)
Integrated with on-going Aquaculture Production on the Mahajamba Delta in NW Madagascar, AQUALMA & Development Banks. Work completed until now includes: sites visits to aquaculture units, a shrimp processing factory and the pilot sites for the proposed 6000ha cashew plantation. The aim is to develop environmental assessment, monitoring and management procedures for these integrated zones. 

Environmental Impact Assessment for the Rehabilitation and Dredging of Maritime Ports, Madagascar (2000)
Ministry of Transport, The World Bank and the European Union. The consultant was responsible for the direction of environmental study with an international engineering company. This work relates to the pertinent studies necessary for the rehabilitation of the ports of Antsiranana, Morondava and Nosy Be on the coastal estuaries of north and western Madagascar

Evaluation of Rural Development and Natural Resources Management Project, Madagascar (2000)
Feedback Trust, CCDN and the Rainforest Foundation. The evaluation addressed activities undertaken by Feedback Trust with CCD Namana in the Commune of Ambohimahamasina (south-east of Fianarantsoa). Principal activities: silk production, communal grain storage, rehabilitation of irrigation systems, manure use and the improvement of crop yields, water catchments protection, reforestation, natural resources management, education and health. The final report was presented to the British Co-operation for International Development (DFID) for the future financing of further project phases.

Environmental Research Development for Commercial Seaweed Production, Madagascar (2000)
Groupement des Exportateurs d’Algues de Madagascar (GEAM) and international agencies. National environmental research partner with the Malagasy Seaweed Exporting Group developing the culture of seaweed for the international cosmetic market. Principal focus is national, regional, and local formulation of development plans and on-going research for seaweed culture integrating commercial companies with cultivation through community development.

Training Manuel Development for Environmental Impact Assessment & Environmental Management Relating to Small Mining Operations, Madagascar (2000)
Ministry of Mines and Energy & The World Bank. Small Mining Reform Project (PRSM) attached to the Direction of Mines. The consultant was partly responsible for the compilation and writing of the manual. Emphasis in the manual focuses upon soil management, stabilization and rehabilitation of mining zones including the importance of socio-economic issues.

Environmental Assessment of Artisanal Mining and the Installation of an Environmental Management Information System for the Ministry of Mines and Energy in Madagascar (1999-2000)
Ministry of Mines and Energy, Madagascar and The World Bank. The consultant served as the social and natural resource economist forming part of a multi-disciplinary international team of experts. Studies at pilot sites included: environmental impact studies, environmental auditing, development of a environmental management and information systems, on-the-job staff training, and recommendations for the development of environmental policy guidelines in the mining sector. The studies were principally in the Highlands and SW of Madagascar.

Environmental Evaluation and Land Use Planning for Tourism Development of Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar (1999-2000)
Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées (ANGAP), Projet Bemaraha, Office National de l’Environnement and The World Bank. The evaluation and planning study was undertaken with local community participation in two priority zones of the National Park’s peripheral zone. The objective was to evaluate the biophysical and socio-economic circumstances relevant to the land use and communities living in these zones. Land rights and natural resource uses were key issues, as potential tourism developments needed to integrate within the region which has faced conflicts with the neighboring National Park. Participative studies and mapping was integrated with existing information and GIS mapping of the zones to produce the final report.

Final Project Evaluation for the Program ‘Fight Against Poverty in the South of Madagascar' (1999-2000)
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The evaluation was based upon both technical and socio-economic appraisals of infrastructures constructed by the program and technical training provided to people living in southern regions of Madagascar. The program involved high intensity and local work forces for the construction of State and communal infrastructures. Micro-development and rehabilitation comprised markets, roads, irrigation systems, schools and health centers. The multi-disciplinary team, headed by Partnership International's expert consultant, addressed engineering, social, and economic issues. The study approach incorporated participative studies, construction assessments, discussions with key persons, and an evaluation of all project documents and relevant databases.

Training Workshop on Pasture Management for Technicians from Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (VSF), Madagascar (1999-2000)
Partnership International's expert consultant, with the VSF, defined the content of the workshop and appropriate national speakers addressing  pasture with hydraulic management, integrated with intensive cropping and the management of peripheral forested areas. Bibliographical studies were completed and appropriate copies presented to participants of the workshop from both international and national sources. The content of publications presented by speakers at the workshop and subsequent debates were synthesized and compiled as a manual for VSF’s field staff.

Social and Environmental Assessment for a Mining Project, Madagascar (1996-1999)
DYNATEC 2004 – ongoing & Phelps Dodge Madagascar, Provision of support to initial EA associated with proposed development of a nickel mine of international importance. The site is located near Moramanga close to the eastern escarpment. This study was elaborated with the Office National pour l’Environnement (ONE). The content of this study followed The World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO) directives. This EA focuses upon direct mining, the establishment of a factory in Toamasina, transport of raw and refined materials to Toamasina and the use of toxic chemicals on site.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Country Report, Madagascar (1999-2000)
Secretariat for Eastern African Coastal Area Management (SEACAM). Personal communication and collation of data from all institutions and projects linked with the concept of ICZM in Madagascar. Partnership International's expert consultant compiled information and formed a critical analysis report for the country. The report was presented at the 3rd Inter-governmental Meeting of SEACAM in Maputo, Mozambique by the Minister responsible for Environmental Affairs in Madagascar.

‘Workshop on Protected Marine and Coastal Areas in Madagascar’ (1999)
Office National pour l’Environnement & WWF. Partnership International's expert consultant provided assistance and technical support with an associate marine biologist from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The objective of the workshop was to define policy for future marine and coastal reserve development in Madagascar.

Research Focusing on Socio-economic and Resource Management within the Cadastre Zone on the Periphery of the National Park Ranomafana, Madagascar (1998-1999)
Partnership International's expert consultant studied the economic benefits of cadastre in the peripheral zones of the national park. The key question was the effectiveness and financial sense of investment in land tenure surrounding a National Park for the benefit of wildlife conservation against the costs and the impact of land registration upon local communities. The consultant presented the study at the National Land Tenure Conference in Madagascar in April 1999.

Research on Land Tenure and the Development of a National Land Tenure Conference, Madagascar (1999)
Mission Française de Coopération, European Community and the Ministry of Lands, Madagascar. The consultant partly orchestrated the presentation of research of studies relating to land tenure and conflicts associated with the urban, rural development, environmental, tourism, industrial, and mining sectors. The research was incorporated into a National Land Tenure Conference in Madagascar.

Historical Influences and the Role of Traditional Land Rights in Madagascar: Legality Versus Legitimacy (1998)
Academic publication prepared with the Office National de L’Environnement (ONE), Madagascar. The consultant presented the study at the International Conference on Land Tenure in the Developing World, Cape Town, South Africa; and subsequently updated versions for The World Bank, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the National Land Tenure Conference in Madagascar.

Environmental Impact of Intensive Livestock Farming, Madagascar (1998)
Mission Française de Coopération and Petite Maison de l’Elevage. The research paper was presented at an international conference. The paper addressed the environmental and economic consequences of intensive pig production in Madagascar. This paper was presented at the Second Porcine Conference for the Indian Ocean, in Madagascar, 27 April - 3 May, 1998.

Research and Organization of Workshop Focusing on Livestock and Environment, Madagascar (1997)
Mission Française de Coopération. Research of current publications related to the sustainable development of farming for domestic livestock, wild species eg butterflies and chameleons, and aquaculture. The results were presented at a national workshop entitled ‘Livestock and the Environment in Madagascar’ and related international conference in Holland.

Environmental Management Research for the Water Catchments of  Lake Aloatra Rice Growing Zone, Madagascar (1996-1998)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and The World Bank. The principal aim of this study was to develop a monitoring system for agricultural developments and their impact on several water catchments of Lake Aloatra. The lake is located in the northern highlands of Madagascar and suffers from severe erosion problems and related impacts upon rice production. Results of this study will influence policy development for land use in the future. This premier phase was an inventory of existing information which was used to furnish precise recommendations for future development studies.

Associate of Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC) at University of Namibia and Associate of Environmental Evaluation Associates of Namibia (EEAN)
As an Associate of MRC and EEAN, Mr Healy has consulted for the following projects: 

The World Bank’s project entitled “The Economics of Living with Wildlife in Namibia” assessed the importance of wildlife compared to domestic livestock farming for the Namibian economy.  The emphasis of the study focused on the economic implications of wildlife conservation and ecotourism as part of community based natural resource management. 

Centre for Research Information Africa Action (CRIAA) and European Community’s (EC) economic analysis and evaluation study for a small scale agricultural project in north-east Namibia. 
The study formed part of a final report to set the stage for the future development of an self-help agricultural project initiated by disabled people. This study presented the economic analysis based upon the project’s aim for self-sufficiency.

Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) and Department of Water Affairs’ project to prepare a series of pilot study handbooks encouraging participatory appraisal and long term monitoring by communities.
The booklets were successfully reproduced in an audio form for radio broadcasting. Pilot projects were conducted at sites with new boreholes to encourage the sustainable use of land and water resources. The study focused on all the regions of Namibia. The booklets were produced in English and local languages. Statistical analysis of pilot communities with booklets was processed after one year of exposure to the booklets. This analysis was done to improve forthcoming revisions of each booklets for all villages in each region.

International Medical Corp and USAID Monitoring and Rural Environmental Assessment for the Sustainable Management of boreholes and grazing areas. 
The assessment focused on socio-economics, water resources, soils, vegetation cover, wildlife and grazing management regimes in areas occupied by OvaHimba and OvaHerero people. The ten sites with new boreholes were located in the semi-arid Kunene region of north-west Namibia. The application of Participatory Rural Appraisal at each village with the production of an awareness package for Extension Officers were key components of this study. The final report was a detailed rural environmental assessment of the sites ie baselines studies, potential impacts/conflicts, mitigation and recommendations.

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Namibia - Practical Seminars for 2nd Year Geography Students. 
Preparation and implementation of seminars and fieldwork concerning wildlife management, environmental assessment, environmental auditing, and environmental education initiatives.

Oxfam Canada and CANAMCO (Canada-Namibia Cooperation) study for agroforestry development at several villages within Kavango in north-east Namibia. 
The project assessed the participatory tools used to retrieve information pertinent to agroforestry in the region. Secondly, the study evaluated the results for the potential development of agroforestry in the near future using appropriate species and agroforestry techniques.

The World Bank and UNDP’s Sub Saharan Africa Hydrological Assessment for SADC Countries - Country Report: Namibia. 
Contributions in this report included a section for environmental issues associated with surface and groundwater abstractions. Assessment Namibia’s monitoring and analysis for sediment transport, surface and groundwater including reliability of and accessibility for data.  Appraisal of hydrology studies incorporating other environmental parameters. Finally, recommendations were outlined and several environmental studies proposed for the future.

Department of Water Affair’s (Namibia) environmental training for Rural Water Supply Extension Officers.  
Preparation and implementation of environmental lectures associated with rural water supply and development of rural areas of Namibia.  The training formed part of an integrated training package for Extension Officers.

Evaluation of Oxfam UK & I’s Rural Water Supply Development program 
The program included assessment of grazing potential and long term monitoring. The survey of grazing and browse for livestock was conducted at several sites within the vicinity of water points. The baseline information for the sites included ground truthing and interpretation of satellite imagery for the previous 15 years. The assessment of grazing involved the participation of local farmers. Both assessment of grazing and participatory appraisal methods were explained and taught to local Extension Officers - who continue to monitor grazing and work with farmers in the Omaheke region of east Namibia.

IFAD (UN), Cooperation Français, Lux Development and Ministry of Agriculture(Namibia) The projects was a livestock and sustainable grazing development project for the northern regions involving site selection processes and environmental assessments. 
Site selection involved the preparation of a selection process with  the co-ordination of four regional offices from the Ministry of Agriculture and several farming groups. The site surveys were a comprehensive baseline study of each community for socio-economic and bio-physical data. This study involved the management of both consultants and field staff.

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